NaOH吸了CO2後會產生Na2CO3
在酸鹼滴定時酚酞在HCO3-就會變色,理想應在H2CO3才變色,因此HCl並未消耗完,出現誤差稱為carbonate error ,但以溴甲酚綠作為指示劑無此問題
Many amines that are too weak to be titrated as bases in water are easily titrated in nonaqueous solvents. 許多amines適合非水滴定
[]表示平衡濃度
c表示起始濃度
兩個混合陰(陽)離子對一個陽(陰)離子的Ksp不同可用於分離物質
Winkler method
NaOH/Na2CO3混合
溶液1 酸性範圍變色指示劑 (溴甲酚綠) 算出鹼當量總量
溶液2 先添加過量BaCl2(>0.1 M)使CO3沉澱後,以酚酞當指示劑定量OH
或是
NaHCO3/Na2CO3混合
溶液1 酸性範圍變色指示劑 (溴甲酚綠) 算出鹼當量總量
溶液2 先添加過量已知NaOH將HCO3全部轉成CO3,再添加過量BaCl2(同上溶液2)
產生BaCO3沉澱
在不過度搖晃的情況下,BaCO3不會與HCl反應(沉澱在下面,HCl首先與鹼溶液反應),反應系統只剩下NaOH與HCl,因此可算出溶液中的NaOH量
Nitrogen (organic) –Kjeldahl method is the standard process for determining the protein content of grains,
meats, and biological materials.
N加H2SO4消化 產生NH4+,再加NaOH形成NH3,用過量酸收集NH3,再用base反滴定,算出用了多少的酸
1mol酸=1mol氮N
Sulfur 分析方法–burning the sample in a stream of oxygen
Sample (S)在氧氣裡燃燒變 SOx
SOx+ H2O2 →H2SO4
Titration with NaOH
Ammonium salts are determined by conversion to ammonia with a strong base followed by distillation.
NH4Cl + NaOH後變成NH3,接著用Kjeldahl method分析
Nitrates(NO3-) and nitrites(NO2-) are first reduced to ammonium ion by reaction with an alloy of 50% Cu, 45% Al, and 5% Zn (Devarda’salloy).
Granules of the alloy are introduced into a strongly alkaline solution of the sample in a Kjeldahl flask.